Compute a P-value from a Z-score

0.50000 Probability
P(𝑍 < 𝑥) 0.50000
P(𝑍 > 𝑥) 0.50000
P(0 < 𝑍 < 𝑥) 0.00000
P(−𝑥 < 𝑍 < 𝑥) 0.00000
P(𝑍 < −𝑥 or 𝑍 > 𝑥) 1.00000

Probability between two Z-Scores

0.34134 Probability
P(𝑥min < 𝑍 < 𝑥max) 0.34134
P(𝑍 < 𝑥min or 𝑍 > 𝑥max) 0.65866
P(𝑍 < 𝑥min) 0.50000
P(𝑍 > 𝑥max) 0.15866

Z Score Calculator

Standard deviation must be a positive non-zero value.
1.00 Z Score 𝑧 = (𝑋 − 𝜇) ⁄ 𝜎
0.84134 Probability

Negative Z Table

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
-3.90.000050.000050.000040.000040.000040.000040.000040.000040.000030.00003
-3.80.000070.000070.000070.000060.000060.000060.000060.000050.000050.00005
-3.70.000110.00010.00010.00010.000090.000090.000080.000080.000080.00008
-3.60.000160.000150.000150.000140.000140.000130.000130.000120.000120.00011
-3.50.000230.000220.000220.000210.00020.000190.000190.000180.000170.00017
-3.40.000340.000320.000310.00030.000290.000280.000270.000260.000250.00024
-3.30.000480.000470.000450.000430.000420.00040.000390.000380.000360.00035
-3.20.000690.000660.000640.000620.00060.000580.000560.000540.000520.0005
-3.10.000970.000940.00090.000870.000840.000820.000790.000760.000740.00071
-3.00.001350.001310.001260.001220.001180.001140.001110.001070.001040.001
-2.90.001870.001810.001750.001690.001640.001590.001540.001490.001440.00139
-2.80.002560.002480.00240.002330.002260.002190.002120.002050.001990.00193
-2.70.003470.003360.003260.003170.003070.002980.002890.00280.002720.00264
-2.60.004660.004530.00440.004270.004150.004020.003910.003790.003680.00357
-2.50.006210.006040.005870.00570.005540.005390.005230.005080.004940.0048
-2.40.00820.007980.007760.007550.007340.007140.006950.006760.006570.00639
-2.30.010720.010440.010170.00990.009640.009390.009140.008890.008660.00842
-2.20.01390.013550.013210.012870.012550.012220.011910.01160.01130.01101
-2.10.017860.017430.0170.016590.016180.015780.015390.0150.014630.01426
-2.00.022750.022220.021690.021180.020680.020180.01970.019230.018760.01831
-1.90.028720.028070.027430.02680.026190.025590.0250.024420.023850.0233
-1.80.035930.035150.034380.033620.032880.032160.031440.030740.030050.02938
-1.70.044570.043630.042720.041820.040930.040060.03920.038360.037540.03673
-1.60.05480.05370.052620.051550.05050.049470.048460.047460.046480.04551
-1.50.066810.065520.064260.063010.061780.060570.059380.058210.057050.05592
-1.40.080760.079270.07780.076360.074930.073530.072150.070780.069440.06811
-1.30.09680.09510.093420.091760.090120.088510.086910.085340.083790.08226
-1.20.115070.113140.111230.109350.107490.105650.103830.102040.100270.09853
-1.10.135670.13350.131360.129240.127140.125070.123020.1210.1190.11702
-1.00.158660.156250.153860.151510.149170.146860.144570.142310.140070.13786
-0.90.184060.181410.178790.176190.173610.171060.168530.166020.163540.16109
-0.80.211860.208970.206110.203270.200450.197660.194890.192150.189430.18673
-0.70.241960.238850.235760.23270.229650.226630.223630.220650.21770.21476
-0.60.274250.270930.267630.264350.261090.257850.254630.251430.248250.2451
-0.50.308540.305030.301530.298060.29460.291160.287740.284340.280960.2776
-0.40.344580.34090.337240.33360.329970.326360.322760.319180.315610.31207
-0.30.382090.378280.374480.37070.366930.363170.359420.355690.351970.34827
-0.20.420740.416830.412940.409050.405170.401290.397430.393580.389740.38591
-0.10.460170.45620.452240.448280.444330.440380.436440.432510.428580.42465
-0.00.50.496010.492020.488030.484050.480060.476080.47210.468120.46414

Positive Z Table

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.00.50.503990.507980.511970.515950.519940.523920.52790.531880.53586
0.10.539830.54380.547760.551720.555670.559620.563560.567490.571420.57535
0.20.579260.583170.587060.590950.594830.598710.602570.606420.610260.61409
0.30.617910.621720.625520.62930.633070.636830.640580.644310.648030.65173
0.40.655420.65910.662760.66640.670030.673640.677240.680820.684390.68793
0.50.691460.694970.698470.701940.70540.708840.712260.715660.719040.7224
0.60.725750.729070.732370.735650.738910.742150.745370.748570.751750.7549
0.70.758040.761150.764240.76730.770350.773370.776370.779350.78230.78524
0.80.788140.791030.793890.796730.799550.802340.805110.807850.810570.81327
0.90.815940.818590.821210.823810.826390.828940.831470.833980.836460.83891
1.00.841340.843750.846140.848490.850830.853140.855430.857690.859930.86214
1.10.864330.86650.868640.870760.872860.874930.876980.8790.8810.88298
1.20.884930.886860.888770.890650.892510.894350.896170.897960.899730.90147
1.30.90320.90490.906580.908240.909880.911490.913090.914660.916210.91774
1.40.919240.920730.92220.923640.925070.926470.927850.929220.930560.93189
1.50.933190.934480.935740.936990.938220.939430.940620.941790.942950.94408
1.60.94520.94630.947380.948450.94950.950530.951540.952540.953520.95449
1.70.955430.956370.957280.958180.959070.959940.96080.961640.962460.96327
1.80.964070.964850.965620.966380.967120.967840.968560.969260.969950.97062
1.90.971280.971930.972570.97320.973810.974410.9750.975580.976150.9767
2.00.977250.977780.978310.978820.979320.979820.98030.980770.981240.98169
2.10.982140.982570.9830.983410.983820.984220.984610.9850.985370.98574
2.20.98610.986450.986790.987130.987450.987780.988090.98840.98870.98899
2.30.989280.989560.989830.99010.990360.990610.990860.991110.991340.99158
2.40.99180.992020.992240.992450.992660.992860.993050.993240.993430.99361
2.50.993790.993960.994130.99430.994460.994610.994770.994920.995060.9952
2.60.995340.995470.99560.995730.995850.995980.996090.996210.996320.99643
2.70.996530.996640.996740.996830.996930.997020.997110.99720.997280.99736
2.80.997440.997520.99760.997670.997740.997810.997880.997950.998010.99807
2.90.998130.998190.998250.998310.998360.998410.998460.998510.998560.99861
3.00.998650.998690.998740.998780.998820.998860.998890.998930.998960.999
3.10.999030.999060.99910.999130.999160.999180.999210.999240.999260.99929
3.20.999310.999340.999360.999380.99940.999420.999440.999460.999480.9995
3.30.999520.999530.999550.999570.999580.99960.999610.999620.999640.99965
3.40.999660.999680.999690.99970.999710.999720.999730.999740.999750.99976
3.50.999770.999780.999780.999790.99980.999810.999810.999820.999830.99983
3.60.999840.999850.999850.999860.999860.999870.999870.999880.999880.99989
3.70.999890.99990.99990.99990.999910.999910.999920.999920.999920.99992
3.80.999930.999930.999930.999940.999940.999940.999940.999950.999950.99995
3.90.999950.999950.999960.999960.999960.999960.999960.999960.999970.99997

How to use a Z Table

A z-table, also called standard normal table, is a table used to find the percentage of values below a given z-score in a standard normal distribution.

A z-score, also known as standard score, indicates how many standard deviations away a data point is above (or below) the mean. A positive z-score implies that the data point is above the mean, while a negative z-score indicates that the data point falls below the mean.

It is calculated with the following formula: 𝑧 = (𝑋 − 𝜇) ⁄ 𝜎 (where 𝑋 is the data point, 𝜇 is the population mean, and 𝜎 is the population standard deviation). A z-score is basically a standardized variable that has been rescaled to have a mean ยต of 0 and a standard deviation ฯƒ of 1 (which ultimately provides a standard set of z-values - from the z-table - that can be used for easy calculations).


How to read a Z Table

  • Check the sign of your z-score. If it's negative, use a negative z-score table. If it's positive, use a positive z-score table.
  • Split the z-score into two parts. The first part goes up to the first digit after the decimal (i.e. 2.34 → 2.3). The second part is made up of the remaining digit (i.e. 2.34 → 0.04).
  • Look at the leftmost column of the table and find the row that matches the first part of your z-score (e.g. 2.3).
  • Look at the topmost row of the table and find the column that matches the second part of your z-score (e.g. 0.04).
  • The intersection between the column and the row corresponds to the p-value. For a z-score of 2.34, the p-value is 0.99036 (or 99.036%).

Example 1

Suppose the scores on a college exam are normally distributed with a mean 𝜇 of 70 and a standard deviation 𝜎 of 4. What is the z-score of the value 75? In other words, what proportion of students scored less than 75 points?

  • Compute the z-score: 𝑧 = (75 - 70) / 4 = 1.25 (this result means that a score of 75 points is 1.25 standard deviations above from the mean).
  • Since the z-score is positive, look for the value 1.25 in the positive z-table: 0.89435 (89.435% of the students scored less than 75 points).

Example 2

Following the previous example (𝜇 = 70 and 𝜎 = 4), what proportion of students scored more than 64 points?

  • Compute the z-score: 𝑧 = (64 - 70) / 4 = -1.5 (this result means that a score of 64 points is 1.5 standard deviations below the mean).
  • Since the z-score is negative, look for the value -1.5 in the negative z-table: 0.06681 (or 6.681%).
  • At this point, we've obtained the proportion of students who scored less than 64 points (P(Z < -1.5) = 0.06681), but since we want to know the proportion of those who scored more than 64 points, we just need to calculate the complement of P(Z < -1.5): 1 - P(Z < -1.5) = 1 - 0.06681 = 0.93319 (93.319%).

Example 3

Still following the same example (𝜇 = 70 and 𝜎 = 4), what proportion of students scored between 68 and 73 points?

  • Compute the first z-score: 𝑧 = (68 - 70) / 4 = -0.5.
  • Compute the second z-score: 𝑧 = (73 - 70) / 4 = 0.75.
  • Look for the value -0.5 in the negative z-table: 0.30854
  • Look for the value 0.75 in the positive z-table: 0.77337
  • The proportion of students who scored between 68 and 73 points is: P(68 < X < 73) = P(-0.5 < Z < 0.75) = P(Z < 0.75) - P(Z < -0.5) = 0.46483 (46.483%).

Example 4

What score corresponds to the 90th percentile? In other words, what is the data point 𝑋 for which we get a p-value of 0.9?

  • Find a z-score that is the closest of the p-value 0.9: z = 1.28 (with a p-value of 0.89973).
  • Compute 𝑋: 𝑋 = ๐œ‡ + ๐‘ง๐œŽ. 𝑋 ≈ 70 + (1.28 x 4) = 75.12.

Resources

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